LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) Technology

LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) Technology LIDAR (Light detection and ranging) is a method of determining the topography of the surface using a laser. These pulses generated are recorded which provide precise three-dimensional information about the surface. Today various platform LIDAR is available in the market and those are chosen based on the project requirement. E.g. terrestrial LIDAR, which is fixed in ground, airborne LIDAR, which is placed on a flying platform like an airplane or helicopter and space borne Laser which is fixed on satellite platforms. Two types of LIDAR are available, topographic, and bathymetric. Topographic LIDAR use near infrared laser, whereas bathymetric LIDAR us green light which penetrate the water. The use of airborne laser (LIDAR) for measuring the depth of near shore coastal waters and lakes from an aircraft is getting more popular in surveying industry. The demand for faster and cheaper coastline survey can be replaced by using airborne LIDAR technology. The Airborne LIDAR bathymetry was successfully tested by US, Canada, and Australia in the early 1970s. The system built by Canadian Hydrographic Service (CHS) in 1986, the LARSEN 500 system was the first operational airborne LIDAR bathymetry system. Airborne LIDAR bathymetry has proven to be more accurate, cost effective, efficient, and fast method of collecting shallow water bathymetry data than the sonar technology which is less efficient and hard to operate in many cases. The airborne laser bathymetry involves the pulse laser transmitter which emits green and infrared beams. The wave length of green laser is 532 nm which can penetrate coastal water with less attenuation and can be used for coastal bottom detection. The infrared (IR) cannot penetrate the water and can be used for sea surface detection. The bathymetry sensors consist of four major components, the GPS receiver which records the aircraft position, the inertial measurement unit (IMU) which gives the roll, pitch and yaw of the aircraft, the laser scanner which emits the signal and the receiver sensor which read the returning signal. The LIDAR system can record the accurate measurements by knowing the position and orientation of all these components. These sensors c an measure thousands of points per seconds The transmitted laser pulse from the aircraft partially reflected from the water surface and the seabed back to the receiver. By recording the time taken from the laser to reach the surface and back to the receiver and speed of the light in air and in water, the distance to the sea surface and sea bed can be calculated. This information is used to calculate the water depth. The bathymetric LIDAR system also includes RGB cameras which acquire better color photo which is used as a quality check tool in identification of bathymetric features and aids to navigation. Airborne LIDAR bathymetry has various  Ã‚   advantages over other traditional water borne surveying techniques. It has tendency to perform survey quickly, efficiently within small operational window. This can cover a very large area and all those areas where it would be difficult to survey using traditional surveying methods. The ability of the airborne LIDAR to operate from the air gives the surveyor a flexibility that sur vey vessel surveyors could hardly imagine. The modern airborne LIDAR now comes with oblique digital photography which can be merged with point cloud. These georeferenced images are used during the validation process. There are numerous limitations of an airborne LIDAR bathymetry system. The maximum depth the laser can penetrate depends on the clarity of water. The maximum surveyable depths depend on several systems used and the environment condition. The green laser penetrates and travel maximum depth if the water is clear water. The maximum surveyable depths ranges from 50 meters in clean water to less than 10 meters in murky water. The use of airborne LIDAR system is not appropriate for small target detection. The spatial resolution obtained from the airborne LIDAR is not as good as for modern high frequency sonar. Small target detection using airborne LIDAR may be possible by significantly increasing the survey density which becomes more expensive. Various environmental factors like rain, fog, clouds, high winds, high waves, etc. can cause problem when carrying airborne LIDAR survey. Surveying in rain cause laser beam to backscatter to the receiver bye raindrops. The backscatter signal by the mist, fog can result in false surface heights.   Airborne survey in high wind can pose a danger when flying near a coastal mountain and cause changes in survey density. Airborne LIDAR bathymetry technology can be used for many applications like charting, environmental mapping, flood plain and coastal mapping etc. https://www.gim-international.com/content/article/technology-in-focus-bathymetric-LIDAR-2

Difference between Branding and Brand Equity Essay

â€Å"Though no one can go back and make a brand new start, anyone can start from now and make a brand new ending†. (Bard qtd. in. ThinkExist. com) This quote shows one fact that the process of ‘branding’ is endless. Because, simply, when ‘brand equity’ is known or measured, the brand could be protected and managed properly. This essay aims at giving an overview of the ‘branding’ and ‘brand equity’ terms or concepts to show the difference between both of them. And due to the fact that â€Å"both terms are usually defined around the concept of adding value to a product (or service)† (Binnie 17), it could be hard for some people to differentiate between both of them. That’s why the best approach to realize the difference between ‘branding’ and ‘brand equity’ is to dig and search in the literature to define both terms to know what is meant by each one of them. However, before separating each term from the other -to know the difference between both of them-, let’s move to the real world to have an idea about a simple fact concerning a certain brand (Coca-Cola in this case). This interesting example –mentioned by Blackett- deserves to be mentioned here to realize how important a brand could be for a company. â€Å"By mid-2002, Coca-Cola Company’s stock market value reached $136 billion, while the business net asset value (the book value) was only $10. 5 billion†. (5) The interesting fact here is when we add this information to the fact that: â€Å"The value of Coca-Cola brand for the same period (mid-2002) was estimated by $70 billion (over half of the $136 intangible value mentioned above! . † (Blackett 5) Then, after realizing the importance of ‘branding’ to the company in the marketplace -in the previous example-, it’s time to know what is meant by both terms, ‘branding’ and ‘brand equity’. First of all, a ‘brand’ is defined by the Dictionary of Business and Management as â€Å"a name, sign or symbol used to identify items or services of the seller(s) and to differ entiate them from goods of competitors. † (qtd. in. BuildingBrands Ltd. ) However, a ‘brand’ is more than a name, a sign or a symbol. In another word, this definition is not sufficient to describe the term ‘brand’. Grimaldi gave a better definition for the term ‘brand’ as â€Å"a combination of attributes, communicated through a name, or a symbol, that influences a thought-process in the mind of an audience and creates value. † And this is what Blackett assured when he mentioned that â€Å"the visual distinctiveness of a brand may be a combination of any of the following: name, letters, numbers, a symbol, a signature, a shape, a slogan, a color, a particular typeface. (3) Also, Davis (2) defined the ‘brand’ term as â€Å"all the promises and perceptions that an organization ‘wants’ its customers to feel about its product(s) and service offerings. † (2) Now, moving to the ‘branding’ concept or term, according to Davis (1), ‘branding’ is a complex ‘process’, but its goal is simple: it is the creation and development of a specific identity for a company, product, commodity, group, or person. † (3) Grimaldi mentioned an interesting definition for ‘branding’: The blend of art and science that ‘manages associations’ between a brand and memories in the mind of the brand’s audience. † And this blend â€Å"involves focusing resources on selected tangible and intangible attributes to differentiate the brand in an attractive, meaningful and compelling way for the targeted audience. † Now, after understanding what is meant by both ‘bra nd’ and ‘branding’ terms, it’s time to know what is meant by ‘brand equity’ term or concept. The ‘brand equity’ concept â€Å"emerged in the early 1990s†, (Tuominen 96) and introduced in marketing literature in the 1980s† (Rajh 1) and before mentioning definitions of this term, it is necessary to realize that â€Å"brand equity is the key to understanding the net impact of marketing† (Reynolds and Philips qtd. in. Binnie 16) According to Hoeffler and Keller, â€Å"most definitions of brand equity rely on ‘brand knowledge’ structures in the minds of consumers –individuals or organizations-† (421 qtd. in. Binnie 17). And Pullig gave a simple definition to the term ‘brand equity’ as â€Å"consumer brand knowledge†. Keller also defined the ‘brand equity’ term as â€Å"the ‘differential consumer response’ from ‘knowing’ the brand†. (qtd. in. Binnie 17) According to Keller and Kevin, ‘brand equity’ is â€Å"the value of the brand in the marketplace† (qtd. in. Pullig). McDonald added another dimension when she defined it as â€Å"the stored value built up in a brand which can be used to gain ‘market advantage’† (2). So, after studying these definitions, it is obvious -as Tuominen mentioned- that â€Å"there are three key ingredients in the ‘brand equity’ definition and they are: (1) brand knowledge, (2) differential effect, and (3) consumer response to marketing. † (75) Finally, according to these definitions, it is obvious that (1) ‘branding’ is the process of creating, developing, protecting, and managing the special identity of the product, or the ‘brand’ (to differentiate it in the marketplace) and it is not only marketing effort, it includes all the companies efforts to build this differentiation; (2) the ‘brand’ is the end result of that process or the combination of all the tools used to create this special identity of the product; and (3) the ‘brand equity’ is the ‘feedback’ of the ‘branding’ process or the key to measure, assess, or weigh the end result ‘brand’ –as we saw previously in the Coca-Cola example- and compare it with what is desired or planned in the ‘branding’ process. In another word, ‘brand equity’ will show whether the ‘branding’ process and other marketing efforts (or even public relations) are on the right track or not.

Common and Popular Roof Styles and Shapes

Child Marriage Is A Violation Of Human Rights - 1746 Words

Child marriage, defined as the formal or informal union before the age of 18, affects both girls and boys, even though girls are disproportionately affected (USAID, 2011). One third of girls in developing countries are married before turning 18 and one in nine are married before the age of 15 (ICRW, 2006). Child marriage is a violation of the human rights according to the 1990 African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC) and the Convention on the Elimination on All Forms of Discrimination Against Women points out that even though a child may attain sexual maturity early, the child often is not mature enough to handle the physical, physiological, and psychological responsibilities pertaining to child bearing, marriage and motherhood (Maswikwa, et al., 2015; USAID, 2011). Child brides have limited ability to negotiate contraception use and engage in sexual activities that can result in pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. In the long run, pregnancy can have de trimental effects including obstetric fistula, which often occurs among girls who give birth before their bodies are physically mature (Kanesathasan et al., 2008). Child brides are more likely to experience domestic abuse and violence as compared to their peers who marry later (ICRW, 2006). The health problems, abuse and violence can lead to isolation from family and friends, feelings of hopelessness and helplessness, depression and post-traumatic stress (ICRW, 2006). Delaying child marriageShow MoreRelatedChild Marriage Is A Violation Of Human Rights1705 Words   |  7 Pages Child marriage, can be defined as a women or a man who has been married before the legal adult age of 18, is still prevalent today, even in the â€Å"developed† nation of the United States. Most of the time these marriages are both arranged and forced, whether it be by a community or by parents. The main driving factor in the US for these types of marriages is religion, and with our present culture, th e aim is for control. Child and forced marriages in the United States have been around since the beginningRead MoreChild Marriage Is A Violation Of Basic Human Rights Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the PBS video, Child brides: Stolen Lives, 68% of the girls under 18 years old from the northern Rajasthan state in India would become child brides, some even aged between 7 and 12. One 7-year-old child bride said that she knew nothing and had no rights to decide that marriage; marrying to that strange man was considered as an approach to resolve family financial difficulties. This girl would become a full-fledged wife one or two years after the wedding, since which her major tasks wereRead MoreEssay about The Human Right Violation that is Child Marriage1307 Words   |  6 Pages Marriage† a ceremony in which two people are married to each other†. 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Child marriage must therefore always be considered forced marriage because valid consent is absent - andRead MoreThe Marriage Act ( 1949 )859 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the Marriage Act (1949), it provides for the restrictions on marriage, sta ting thus: â€Å"A marriage solemnized between persons either of whom is under the age of sixteen shall be void † Section 6 of the Marriage Act (1970) also requires that the marriage of any person under the age of eighteen must be with full consent . Section 11 of the Matrimonial Causes Act states thus: Nullity (11) Grounds on which a marriage is void. A marriage celebrated after 31st July 1971 shall be void on theRead MoreThe Issue Of Child Marriage1637 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States, marriage is seen as a sacred and consensual institution, but in developing countries, many children are introduced to marriage in a different manner. According to the United Nations Population Fund, one girl in every three is married before the age of eighteen in developing countries (Child Marriage, 1). Are the measures previously taken by the International Law community that attempt to put and end to child marriages an effective measure to stop this violation of human rights? I argue thatRead MoreSpeech: Human Rights Violations in India768 Words   |  4 PagesSpeech: Human Rights Violations in India One third of the world’s child brides originate from India; whose journalists are continuously shut down for revealing their political opinions. India’s culture has been having arranged underage marriage for many centuries, â€Å"Child marriage, which has existed for centuries, is a complex issue, rooted deeply in gender inequality, tradition and poverty† according to an article published by UNICEF. In an article published by the Library of Congress Jeanine CaliRead MoreViolation of Child Rights1704 Words   |  7 PagesViolation of Child Rights Introduction First of all, if we want to talk about violation of child rights we have to define child rights, what they are, and to whom they are intended.†A child is any human being below the age of eighteen years, unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier. , World leaders in 1989 decided that children needed a special convention, because children often need special care and protection that adults do not. The leaders also wanted toRead MoreThe Issue Of Child Marriage Essay1266 Words   |  6 PagesChild marriage is one of the hardest things a teenage child could face. It is basically a violation of children’s human rights. It is strictly prohibited by international law. Early marriage takes away the girls right to make important decisions about their sexual health and well being. Historically, patriarchal societies have marginalized women in various aspects across the world. Women disenfranchisement, in this way, is not a new phenomenon. However, wi th the passage of time women have been ableRead MoreFemale Genital Mutilation : A Violation Of Human Rights1469 Words   |  6 Pagesstretching, scraping, piercing, or cutting. Human rights activists argue that female genital mutilation is a violation of human rights deeply rooted in gender inequality and discrimination. On the other hand, others argue that the practice is supported by fundamental cultural traditions that should not be banned. In this paper, I will be focusing on the practice of female genital mutilation, its harmful effects, and how the rights of women and girls trumps the right to culture. The practice of female genital

The Great War Was Not A White Man s War - 1141 Words

The only roaring that came from minorities in the 1920s were roars against the injustice they faced. The Great War was deemed a white man’s war, which impeccably illustrated society’s opinion of people of colour and women’s worth in this decade. After a period of such trauma, one would think that Canada would have become united, but this was not the case. Minorities experienced the twenties much differently than those who remember the decade as exciting. For instance, aboriginal people were expected to give up their cultures and assimilate into mainstream society. Also, the Klu Klux Klan had made its way to Canada, which threatened immigrants and people from foreign ethnicities. Finally, women spent the decade struggling for equality with†¦show more content†¦Duncan Campbell Scott, Head of Indian Affairs Canada from 1913-1932, spoke for many when he said, â€Å"I want to get rid of the Indian problem. Our object is to continue until there is not a singl e Indian in Canada who has not been absorbed. They are a weird and waning race†¦ ready to break out at any moment in†¦ dances.† (Quinlan et al#######) Additionally, native children in residential schools were not allowed to refer to their own cultures in any way, especially through language. The only language they were allowed to speak was English, a language that none of them knew. If caught, the children were severely punished. Many children experienced physical, sexual and emotional abuse while in residential school. Brenda Cardinal, an aboriginal who once had to stay in residential school, describes how school affected her, â€Å"I became withdrawn, painfully shy, and I just couldn’t communicate with anyone. I couldn’t receive love or show anyone love. I didn’t even love myself.† (qtd in Freeman-Shaw, Haskings-Winner 38) Residential schools had a very negative impact on those who went through the horrible experiences and many of these former students do not have positive stories to share. By the end of the 1920s, there were eighty residential schools in Canada. The forced assimilation of native children had greatly impacted those who went to residential school and will always remain as a dark shadow cast on Canada’s history. In addition, the Klu Klux Klan (KKK) made its way to

Looking at THE MATRIX Films Free Essays

When Robert Gibson created the science-fiction subgenre known as â€Å"cyber-punk† in the novel NEUROMANCER most people had high hopes for this literary movement. This was because the concept of a technologically advanced corporatist dark future had a sense of realism that STAR TREK and STAR WARS missed. Yet, cinematic endeavors in cyber-punk never truly succeeded. We will write a custom essay sample on Looking at THE MATRIX Films or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then, along came THE MATRIX which remains one of the most brilliant of the realistic science-fiction films ever devised. Created by Larry and Andy Wachowski, the plot of THE MATRIX centers on a world where humans live in an internal pseudo-reality world where life is crafted to perfection. When the hero, Neo, discovers this he launches a rebellion against the machines that have placed humans into a suspended animation sleep. At the core of this rebellion is the theme of the film: if reality is not reality then does it have any value? This can be seen as a metaphor for a number of ways in which humans numb themselves into alternative realities whether it is drugs, videogames, consumer culture et al. As such, THE MATRIX was the right movie for the right time and it has become a science-fiction masterpiece with millions of fans. It would be difficult to discuss THE MATRIX without discussing the world in which the story takes place. (That is, THE MATRIX itself) Probably the most difficult aspect of creating science-fiction is making a believable world. Often, science-fiction crafts worlds that while entertaining simply aren’t believable. This detracts greatly from the ability for the film to work. In THE MATRIX, we have an incredibly believable world because the â€Å"the world† exists almost exclusively in the mind. As such, the viewer  becomes drawn into the story because there exist some credibility to the fact that the world of THE MATRIX could actually exist. This is the brilliance of THE MATRIX and what makes it such a classic work. THE MATRIX REVOLUTIONS is the third film in THE MATRIX TRILOGY (The less said about the second film the better) and it is a sweeping action-adventure film that seeks to bring a final conclusion to the series. The goal of the film is the same as the original film: dissolve alternative reality and bring humans to their original state. This is what makes THE MATRIX REVOLUTIONS such an excellent film. It centers on the notion of revolutionary struggle for a good cause. In a way, one could even see parallels to the American Revolution and other colonial liberation struggles and struggles against totalitarianism. As such, THE MATRIX REVOLUTIONS becomes a thrilling and engaging film that taps into the natural human sentiment to be free. Yes, it takes place in a fantastic world but this does not make the film any less â€Å"real’. Well, perhaps this is not 100% accurate. If there ever was a major flaw found in THE MATRIX REVOLUTIONS it would be that the world of the story deviates from the earthen realness of the original film and delves into the â€Å"space opera† genre. There is nothing inherently wrong with this approach although it does make the themes of the film less striking. However, the themes of â€Å"what makes a human† remain as the central focus of the film never deviates from the human struggle for self-actualization. That is a powerful theme no matter how it is presented. Personally, I found the first film in the trilogy to be a brilliant exercise in science-fiction mainly because its mix of realism and surrealism made the film a unique experience. The shift to action-adventure in the third film was somewhat disappointing but the film was still a quality work. Ultimately, it is the themes that appealed to me the greatest and this is why I consider these two films seminal works in the science-fiction genre. Bibliography Hanley, Richard. (2006) â€Å"The Philosophy of THE MATRIX.† Retrieved April 15, 2008 from  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.onwardoverland.com/matrix/philosophy.html#reflect Takle, Brian. (2006) THE MATRIX REVOLUTIONS EXPLAINED. Retrieved April 15,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2008, from http://wylfing.net/essays/matrix_revolutions.html How to cite Looking at THE MATRIX Films, Essay examples

Legalization Of Medicinal Marijuana Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Legalization Of Medicinal Marijuana Essay, Research Paper Legalization of Marijuana During the Carter, Reagan, and Bush disposals, eight people in the United States were allowed to utilize marihuana for medicative intents under the Compassionate Investigative New Drug plan. However, since the Clinton disposal no new applications have been accepted. Therefore, other patients who need marihuanas to relieve the sickness and loss of appetency associated with the AIDS viruses and malignant neoplastic disease chemotherapy, every bit good as to handle glaucoma, multiple induration, epilepsy, chronic hurting, and other complaints must go on to endure without the usage of marihuana. Is this just? What could the concluding behind this gratuitous agony perchance be? I thought that one of the intents of authorities was to advance the wellbeing of its persons. Is that non why our state spends one million millions of dollars towards promotions in medical specialty every twelvemonth? So, why aren? T at that place any FDA approved surveies proving the existent effectivity of marihuana in advancement? If it is proved that marihuana does so assist ease the hurting and agony of these hapless people, so why non let it to be prescribed to assist them. We will write a custom essay sample on Legalization Of Medicinal Marijuana Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is illegal to devour any prescription drug non prescribed to you. Which makes all prescription drugs illegal, how is this different from marihuana? Certain it may be hooking, but so can caffeine pills. Certain it may be harmful if person misuses it, but so can Ritalin. I merely do non understand how ordering a drug to assist person could be harmful. The least the authorities could make is research the topic a little more. Alternatively, they seem to be making the antonym. In 1994, The Assistant Secretary for Health postponed the concluding meeting that would hold decided whether the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services would necessitate government-grown marihuanas to be used in the first medicinal marihuanas research undertaking in over a decennary. The authorities seems to hold no jobs collaring ill people for utilizing marihuana, stating them that there has non been adequate research to verify its medical benefits. However, they are making nil to help in the surveies. A little non-profit organisation called MAPS has been working for two old ages to raise money, develop survey protocols, and obtaining the Food and Drug Administrations blessing for the survey of marihuana. Merely one thing holds them back. They have no legal manner of obtaining marihuana, and the authorities will non give it to them. If a medical missionary in the Rain Forest proclaimed that she had found a new miracle drug to assist ease the hurting of many sick persons, you can vouch that a authorities approved survey would be launched about outright. How is that any different than marihuana? Why is Clinton so anti-marijuana? # 8220 ; The Clinton disposal is seemingly so afraid of being associated with the # 8216 ; M # 8217 ; word that they are even willing to barricade research that could protract AIDS patients # 8217 ; lives, # 8221 ; stated a interpreter for the MAPS organisation. A canvass showed that a humongous sum of 65.5 % of California? s registered electors back up the legalisation of marihuana for medicative intents. Not merely do the citizens support the research, but many Congressmans support it besides. ? I continue to believe that those who can profit from the medical usage of marihuana should be able to acquire the drug when prescribed, ? said U.S. Representative Gary Ackerman. ? I portion your support for the medical usage of government-supplied marihuanas and understand the potency to ease the side effects of many diseases and unwellnesss, including AIDS, ? said U.S. Senator John Glenn. So, if the Senators, Representatives, and the Citizens are all in support of medicative marihuana research, why is nil being done?